Psychopathic From Outer Space 3 Rats

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I've lately been thinking about the 'continuous vs categorical' debate in relation to psychopathy. I just started reading a book called Thinking about Psychopaths and Psychopathy edited by Harvard professor Ellsworth Lapham Fersch. It's a collection of questions and answers from seminars he's given on psychopathy, with contributions by various academics. Based on Fersch's introduction, it looks promising and insightful.

However, I wonder if Fersch really 'gets it'. While he talks about the importance of psychopathy quite eloquently and identifies the problems inherent in the conflation of psychopathy with antisocial personality disorder, there is a question and answer in the first chapter that is puzzling. (It is possible one of his colleagues answered this question, as the individual author is not listed for each section.) In this question on the debate between psychopathy as either categorical (i.e. You either have it or you don't, like Turner's syndrome) or continuous (the extreme end of traits shared by everyone, as in someone with very high intelligence), he firmly takes the 'continuous' side. However, I get the impression that he does so without understanding the crux of the matter, or the implications of such a position. He concludes that psychopathy is continuous because the PCL-R gives results on a spectrum, a score of '0' being least psychopathic and '40' being most psychopathic. Because non-psychopathic people can score low on the checklist and thus technically possess some 'psychopathic' traits, Fersch concludes that psychopaths only have extreme degrees of more or less 'normal' human traits.

In other words, people in general are only 'more or less' psychopathic. While technically correct, this argument is fairly weak and susceptible to distortion. First of all, the fact that the PCL-R measures a spectrum of traits does NOT necessarily imply that it is measuring a disorder which is itself a 'spectrum'. The fact that there is no definite 'cut off point' on the scale does NOT imply that psychopathy is not categorical. It could just as well mean that we do not yet have the means of identifying an exact cut off point, or that there could be two distinct taxons (normal and psychopathic) that can overlap on the scale. It is also possible - and even probable, based on the evidence - that psychopathy is both categorical and continuous.

That is, a person is either a psychopath or not, and psychopaths show a spectrum of indicators of psychopathy. Theoretically, all psychopaths possess each trait tested by the PCL-R. However, a mid to low score on the scale could mean nothing more that some traits are not detectable in the subject's known personal history and interview. The scale tests for traits (the category) and its accuracy depends on the truthfulness of the data analyzed (the continuity). Some psychopaths are more 'noticeable' than others. A thought experiment will make this clearer. Imagine that scientists create a robotic human with artificial intelligence, which will then be tested using a variation on the Turing test, which we will call the 'human' test.

Questions are asked to the robot which test for a checklist of 'human' traits. A normal human, responding to the test, will receive a score of 30 to 40, just as psychopaths score 30 to 40 on the PCL-R, while primitive forms of AI will receive a low score. Severely mentally ill people will similarly score in the low- to mid-range.

Let us say that our new robot scores 26. It would be fallacious to say that, because the test is continuous, that this implies that the robot is 'more or less' human. All it shows is that it shares traits with a human, and in the robot's case, these traits may be mere programs - they are algorithms, not real experiences with syntactical content. They only give the appearance of humanity.

In reality, one is either human or not. A human will tend to score mid- to high-range on the scale, depending on various factors. A non-human will score low- to mid-range. In addition to this categorical difference (human or not), there is a spectrum of how 'close' to human a non-human can test. Some robots will test 0 on the scale, while those with complex programming may score fairly high. However, this just shows the limits of the method of testing.

Conclusions about the nature of the phenomenon cannot be discerned from measurements of a limited test. So how do we account for seemingly psychopathic traits in non-psychopaths? I think this can be explained fairly easily. Accurately describes psychopathy as a deficit, NOT an excess.